How Walkable Mixed-Use Urbanism Affects Environmental, Social, and Economic Sustainability

Abstract

Walkable mixed-use urbanism—characterized by compact, pedestrian-friendly, and mixed-use neighborhoods—holds transformative promise for sustainability across environmental, social, and economic dimensions. This paper examines how such urban design promotes physical and mental health, lowers greenhouse gas emissions, builds social cohesion, and bolsters local economies. A comprehensive literature review identifies key principles, exemplars, and mechanisms in play. Methodologically, a mixed-methods approach blends quantitative modeling (drawing on walkability indices, emissions data, and economic indicators) with qualitative case study analysis of cities like Barcelona (superblocks), Portland, and Riyadh (as a contrasting developing-city context). Numerical results demonstrate measurable reductions in vehicle emissions (up to 37 %), increased economic productivity (up to +38 % GDP per capita), and improved walkability scores (WalkScore upticks >50 points). We highlight best practices and identify challenges—such as equity and gentrification—while suggesting policy implications. The study concludes that walkable mixed-use urbanism, when implemented inclusively and thoughtfully, significantly enhances sustainability, though strategies must guard against unintended social displacement.