The Impact of Air Pollution on Chronic Respiratory Diseases

Abstract

Air pollution is a major environmental risk factor contributing to the development and exacerbation of chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and bronchitis. This study reviews the current evidence on the relationship between various air pollutants—including particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and ozone (O3)—and their effects on respiratory health. Epidemiological data indicate that prolonged exposure to elevated levels of these pollutants significantly increases the incidence, severity, and progression of CRDs. Mechanisms such as airway inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired lung function are discussed. Furthermore, vulnerable populations such as children, older people, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions are particularly susceptible to adverse outcomes. This review highlights the urgent need for public health policies that aim to reduce air pollution and mitigate its adverse effects on respiratory health. Improved air quality standards and targeted interventions can potentially reduce the global burden of chronic respiratory diseases.